Why is Australia talking about rate hikes?
...when the rest of the world is talking about rate cuts?
Global central banks have begun the interest rate-cutting cycle, starting with the Swiss National Bank in March, Sweden’s central bank in May and both the Bank of Canada and the European Central Bank in June. And more recently, other major central banks have changed their tone towards signalling interest rate cuts sometime soon. The Reserve Bank of New Zealand shifted to an easing bias at its July meeting and financial markets are now pricing in close to three rate cuts by the end of the year.
Some members of The Bank of England voted for a rate cut at the June meeting and comments from members of the US Federal Reserve including Chair Powell indicated that the Board is becoming increasingly confident with the inflation outlook which was helped by the recent June inflation data leading markets to expect nearly three interest rate cuts by December.
In contrast, the talk in Australia is of potential interest rate hikes by the Reserve Bank of Australia, as soon as the next meeting in August. A few economists are forecasting a 0.25 percentage point rate rise in 2024, and financial markets expect some chance of a rate hike this year, with a full rate cut only expected by August 2025, although it does bounce around a bit.
But what explains this difference in interest rate expectations between Australia and other major global economies?
Inflation trends around the world
Between January to March this year, US inflation was tracking above expectations at over 3% per annum, leading to concerns of a second-round increase in inflation and talk of more Fed hikes. But in the second quarter, inflation started moderating, with the most recent data for June showing headline inflation at 3% and core at 3.3%. This is still above the US Fed’s target of 2% but much lower than the peak of 9.1% in mid-2022.
High and “sticky” service inflation has been a concern in the US but also globally. This has been the hardest component of inflation to reduce. In the US, the key contributors to services inflation have been rent (both owner’s equivalent which is a guide to how much a homeowner would rent their own home for and market rents), motor vehicle insurance, hospital services, professional services and school fees (see the chart below).
A slowing in services inflation in recent months has been a key component of the broader softening in US inflation.
In New Zealand, the June quarter inflation data is expected to show headline inflation of ~3.5% over the year and core inflation at ~3.8% year on year. In Canada, headline and core inflation is expected to be just under 3%. In the Eurozone, headline inflation is likely to be at 2.5% and core is at 2.9%. UK headline inflation is likely to be under 2% over the year to June but core inflation is tracking at 3.5%.
In Australia, the quarterly inflation data is out at the end of this month. The monthly inflation data is not a completely accurate guide to inflation trends because each category is not surveyed every month. On our forecasts, headline inflation will be 3.8% over the year to June and “trimmed mean” (or core) inflation will be 4% year on year.
So, inflation in Australia is still high relative to its global peers. The main issue is around elevated services inflation which is keeping the trimmed mean high. The major contributors to services inflation in Australia over the past year have been holiday travel (domestic and international), rents, medical services, motor vehicle maintenance, personal services and insurance (see the next chart).
Often, these service items lag what happens to goods inflation. Australian goods inflation has slowed to 3.3% per annum as of May while services inflation is at 4.8%. Holiday travel and personal care services inflation is likely to slow with continued weakness in consumer spending. Rent inflation is high but looks to have peaked based on new asking rents and
permanent and long-term immigration data. Other parts of services like healthcare, insurance and education reflect broader inflation trends, the nature of the industry, government involvement and wage growth.
Wages growth has an important bearing on services inflation. But wage growth has been lower in Australia relative to other advanced economies, (see the chart below) which is good news for services inflation.
Wage growth is driven by outcomes in labour markets. Despite the interest rate hiking cycle which started in 2022, global labour markets have been in good shape, with unemployment rates still around the bottom end of its long-run historic range (see the chart below). Canada has seen the highest increase in their unemployment rate. Australia’s experience has been very similar to the US, with both markets now seeing a slowing in employment growth and some trend up in the unemployment rate which should result in lower wage growth.
How have consumers responded to rate hikes?
Australian consumers have generally fared worse in the past year relative to their global peers. If you look at relative readings of consumer confidence, retail sales growth and per capita household disposable income growth.
This reflects the faster pass-through of interest rates to outstanding mortgages. In Australia, nearly 80% of the increase in interest rates has flowed through to outstanding mortgages (both fixed and floating) compared to 65% in New Zealand, 53% in Canada, 32% in the UK, 31% in Germany and just 9% in the US.
Another way to think about it is through the debt-service ratio (i.e. the ratio of debt servicing costs to household income). The chart below shows that Australia has the second-highest debt-service ratio in the world, after Norway.
The vulnerability of Australian consumers to higher interest rates exposes Australian economic growth to downside risks, especially if interest rates are increased again.
Implications for interest rates
There is some argument that other central banks increased interest rates more than Australia, so therefore have to be quicker to normalise monetary policy. However, we think it's better to take into account the flow-through of interest rates to outstanding mortgage holders which shows that Australian monetary policy is working to slow consumer spending and economic growth which should see some impact on inflation.
While Australia’s core inflation data sits above its global peers we think this reflects a lag in domestic versus global inflation trends rather than a permanent difference in inflation dynamics. Wages growth in Australia has been below its peers and labour market conditions are mostly similar which should see wage growth slowing and leading to softer services inflation.
On our forecasts, headline inflation will be just below 3% per annum by December, with trimmed mean inflation around 3.5%.
Based on our latest forecasts of inflation and growth and the RBA’s concern around inflation, we now see the interest rate-cutting cycle starting later, in February 2025. However, a high trimmed mean June quarter inflation result (for example, a quarterly increase of above 1%) would probably lead to the Reserve Bank hiking interest rates at its next meeting in June given that it would mean the central bank would be further away from its goal of inflation within the target range by 2026.
However, further rate hikes risk sending the unemployment rate higher and therefore losing the gains made in the labour market as well as risk a further slowing in already poor GDP growth.
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Diana Mousina is the deputy chief economist at AMP, having joined the firm in 2016. Her responsibilities include providing global economic and macro investment analysis to retail, institutional and internal customers through her regular reports and presentations. She is also the series regular panellist on Livewire's Signal or Noise.
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Diana Mousina is the deputy chief economist at AMP, having joined the firm in 2016. Her responsibilities include providing global economic and macro investment analysis to retail, institutional and internal customers through her regular reports...
Expertise
Diana Mousina is the deputy chief economist at AMP, having joined the firm in 2016. Her responsibilities include providing global economic and macro investment analysis to retail, institutional and internal customers through her regular reports...
Expertise
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